India, home to over 100 million cryptocurrency users, stands at a pivotal juncture in its digital finance journey. Despite ranking first on Chainalysis’s 2023 Global Crypto Adoption Index, the nation’s path to mainstream cryptocurrency integration is hindered by regulatory ambiguities, high taxation, and public skepticism.
India’s vast population of tech-savvy youth and over 820 million internet users have fueled a surge in cryptocurrency interest. Local exchanges and startups continue to thrive, highlighting a robust interest in digital assets.
However, the enthusiasm is tempered by a lack of clear regulatory frameworks. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had previously imposed a ban on crypto dealings in 2018, which was overturned by the Supreme Court in 2020. Subsequently, in 2022, the government introduced a 30% tax on capital gains from crypto transactions and a 1% Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) on all trades. These measures have led to significant declines in trading volumes, with some platforms reporting drops of over 70%.
The Indian government’s stance on cryptocurrencies remains ambiguous. While there’s no outright ban, the absence of a clear legal framework creates uncertainty for investors and businesses. The Supreme Court of India has raised concerns over the central government’s delay in formulating a clear regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies, specifically Bitcoin. The court compared the current state of cryptocurrency trading to a “hawala business,” indicating serious apprehensions about the sector’s potential misuse and its broader economic impact.
In response, the government is expected to release a discussion paper in June 2025 outlining policy options for regulating crypto assets. This move aims to carefully consider its approach without making hasty decisions, reflecting a measured response to the evolving digital finance landscape.
The high taxation rates have been a significant deterrent for many traders. The 30% tax on crypto gains and the 1% TDS have led to a migration of Indian traders to offshore platforms, resulting in a loss of revenue and users for domestic exchanges. More than 90% of Indian crypto trading has since shifted overseas.
The crypto industry is lobbying the government for tax reductions to revive domestic trading. Industry leaders are urging a lower 0.1% transaction tax to maintain traceability without stifling innovation.
Public skepticism remains a hurdle. Concerns over volatility, systemic risks, and associations with illicit activities continue to influence public perception. The lack of clear regulatory guidelines further exacerbates these concerns. Additionally, cybersecurity remains a critical issue. As crypto transactions increase, so does the target surface for cyberattacks. The 2024 WazirX hack, where approximately $234.9 million was stolen, underscores the vulnerabilities in the system.
For India to fully harness the benefits of digital assets and drive inclusive growth within its financial ecosystem, a balanced regulatory strategy is essential. This includes:
- Clear Legal Framework: Establishing comprehensive laws that define cryptocurrencies’ legal status, classify them as digital assets, and provide clarity on taxation, investor protection, and anti-money laundering measures.
- Tax Reforms: Reassessing the 30% tax and TDS rates to rejuvenate domestic exchanges and improve competitiveness.
- Public Education: Implementing awareness campaigns to demystify digital assets, reduce stigma, and encourage responsible investment.
- Cybersecurity Measures: Strengthening security protocols to protect investors and build trust in the system.
India’s journey with cryptocurrency is at a crossroads. With the right policies and public engagement, the nation can position itself as a leader in the global crypto economy. The time to act is now.